Assuntos
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Supermercados , Humanos , China/epidemiologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/transmissão , COVID-19/veterinária , COVID-19/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Zoonoses Virais/epidemiologia , Zoonoses Virais/transmissão , Zoonoses Virais/virologia , IncertezaAssuntos
Pesquisa Biomédica , COVID-19 , Coronavirus , Organização do Financiamento , National Institutes of Health (U.S.) , Humanos , Pesquisa Biomédica/economia , Pesquisa Biomédica/legislação & jurisprudência , Pesquisa Biomédica/tendências , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/transmissão , COVID-19/virologia , National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economia , National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/legislação & jurisprudência , Política , Estados Unidos , Zoonoses Virais/epidemiologia , Zoonoses Virais/transmissão , Zoonoses Virais/virologia , AnimaisAssuntos
COVID-19 , Pesquisadores , SARS-CoV-2 , Supermercados , Zoonoses Virais , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/transmissão , COVID-19/veterinária , COVID-19/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , China/epidemiologia , Zoonoses Virais/epidemiologia , Zoonoses Virais/transmissão , Zoonoses Virais/virologia , AnimaisRESUMO
Genetic sequences from Wuhan market may point to animal that spread SARS-CoV-2, but data remain hidden.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2 , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Zoonoses Virais , Animais , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/transmissão , COVID-19/virologia , Genoma Viral , SARS-CoV-2/classificação , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , China , Alimentos Marinhos , Zoonoses Virais/epidemiologia , Zoonoses Virais/transmissão , Zoonoses Virais/virologia , HumanosAssuntos
Quirópteros , Pandemias , Viroses , Vírus , Animais , Humanos , Quirópteros/imunologia , Quirópteros/virologia , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Zoonoses Virais/imunologia , Zoonoses Virais/prevenção & controle , Zoonoses Virais/transmissão , Vírus/imunologia , Viroses/imunologia , Viroses/prevenção & controle , Viroses/transmissãoAssuntos
COVID-19 , Cães Guaxinins , SARS-CoV-2 , Zoonoses Virais , Animais , China/epidemiologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/transmissão , COVID-19/veterinária , COVID-19/virologia , Cães Guaxinins/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Zoonoses Virais/epidemiologia , Zoonoses Virais/transmissão , Zoonoses Virais/virologia , SupermercadosRESUMO
When humans experience a new, devastating viral infection such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), significant challenges arise. How should individuals as well as societies respond to the situation? One of the primary questions concerns the origin of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that infected and was transmitted efficiently among humans, resulting in a pandemic. At first glance, the question appears straightforward to answer. However, the origin of SARS-CoV-2 has been the topic of substantial debate primarily because we do not have access to some relevant data. At least two major hypotheses have been suggested: a natural origin through zoonosis followed by sustained human-to-human spread or the introduction of a natural virus into humans from a laboratory source. Here, we summarize the scientific evidence that informs this debate to provide our fellow scientists and the public with the tools to join the discussion in a constructive and informed manner. Our goal is to dissect the evidence to make it more accessible to those interested in this important problem. The engagement of a broad representation of scientists is critical to ensure that the public and policy-makers can draw on relevant expertise in navigating this controversy.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/transmissão , COVID-19/virologia , Laboratórios/normas , Pesquisa/normas , SARS-CoV-2/classificação , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/fisiologia , Erro Científico Experimental , Zoonoses Virais/transmissão , Zoonoses Virais/virologia , Quirópteros/virologia , Animais Selvagens/virologiaAssuntos
Aves , Surtos de Doenças , Vison , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae , Zoonoses Virais , Animais , Humanos , Aves/virologia , Surtos de Doenças/prevenção & controle , Surtos de Doenças/estatística & dados numéricos , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Influenza Aviária/virologia , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Influenza Humana/transmissão , Influenza Humana/virologia , Vison/virologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/transmissão , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Zoonoses Virais/epidemiologia , Zoonoses Virais/prevenção & controle , Zoonoses Virais/transmissão , Zoonoses Virais/virologiaRESUMO
Multiple transmissions from wildlife at a market in Wuhan probably led to SARS-CoV-2 emergence.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Quirópteros , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes , SARS-CoV-2 , Zoonoses Virais , Animais , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/transmissão , China , Quirópteros/virologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/transmissão , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/virologia , Humanos , Alimentos Marinhos/virologia , Zoonoses Virais/epidemiologia , Zoonoses Virais/transmissãoRESUMO
Understanding how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in 2019 is critical to preventing future zoonotic outbreaks before they become the next pandemic. The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, China, was identified as a likely source of cases in early reports, but later this conclusion became controversial. We show here that the earliest known COVID-19 cases from December 2019, including those without reported direct links, were geographically centered on this market. We report that live SARS-CoV-2-susceptible mammals were sold at the market in late 2019 and that within the market, SARS-CoV-2-positive environmental samples were spatially associated with vendors selling live mammals. Although there is insufficient evidence to define upstream events, and exact circumstances remain obscure, our analyses indicate that the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 occurred through the live wildlife trade in China and show that the Huanan market was the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2 , Alimentos Marinhos , Zoonoses Virais , Animais , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/transmissão , COVID-19/virologia , China/epidemiologia , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , Alimentos Marinhos/virologia , Zoonoses Virais/epidemiologia , Zoonoses Virais/transmissão , Zoonoses Virais/virologiaRESUMO
The emergence of a novel pathogen in a susceptible population can cause rapid spread of infection. High prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) has been reported in multiple locations, likely resulting from several human-to-deer spillover events followed by deer-to-deer transmission. Knowledge of the risk and direction of SARS-CoV-2 transmission between humans and potential reservoir hosts is essential for effective disease control and prioritisation of interventions. Using genomic data, we reconstruct the transmission history of SARS-CoV-2 in humans and deer, estimate the case finding rate and attempt to infer relative rates of transmission between species. We found no evidence of direct or indirect transmission from deer to human. However, with an estimated case finding rate of only 4.2%, spillback to humans cannot be ruled out. The extensive transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within deer populations and the large number of unsampled cases highlights the need for active surveillance at the human-animal interface.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Cervos , SARS-CoV-2 , Zoonoses Virais , Animais , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/transmissão , COVID-19/veterinária , Cervos/virologia , Monitoramento Ambiental , Humanos , Medição de Risco , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , Zoonoses Virais/epidemiologia , Zoonoses Virais/transmissão , Zoonoses Virais/virologiaAssuntos
COVID-19/virologia , Abastecimento de Alimentos , Disseminação de Informação , Política , Pesquisadores , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , Zoonoses Virais/virologia , Animais , Animais Selvagens/virologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/transmissão , China/epidemiologia , Fazendas/provisão & distribuição , Humanos , Pré-Publicações como Assunto , Zoonoses Virais/epidemiologia , Zoonoses Virais/transmissão , Organização Mundial da Saúde/organização & administraçãoRESUMO
Sampling of game in China reveals many viral threats.
Assuntos
Animais Selvagens/virologia , Comércio , Viroses/veterinária , Vírus/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Ásia , China , Comércio/legislação & jurisprudência , Especificidade de Hospedeiro , Zoonoses Virais/transmissão , Viroses/transmissão , Viroses/virologiaRESUMO
Disease emergence is driven by human-animal contact in a global viral ecosystem.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Zoonoses Virais , Viroses/transmissão , Animais , Animais Selvagens/virologia , Mudança Climática , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/epidemiologia , Reservatórios de Doenças , Adaptação ao Hospedeiro , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Humanos , Mamíferos/virologia , Zoonoses Virais/epidemiologia , Zoonoses Virais/prevenção & controle , Zoonoses Virais/transmissão , Zoonoses Virais/virologia , Viroses/epidemiologia , Viroses/prevenção & controle , Viroses/virologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from humans to other mammals, including pet animals, has been reported. However, with the exception of farmed mink, there is no previous evidence that these infected animals can infect humans, resulting in sustained human-to-human transmission. Following a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection of a pet shop worker, animals in the shop and the warehouse supplying it were tested for evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS: In this case study, viral swabs and blood samples were collected from animals in a pet shop and its corresponding warehouse in Hong Kong. Nasal swab or saliva samples from human COVID-19 patients epidemiologically linked to the pet shop and from subsequent local cases confirmed to be infected by SARS-CoV-2 delta variant were collected. Oral swabs were tested by quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) for SARS-CoV-2 and blood samples were serologically tested by a surrogate virus neutralisation test and plaque reduction neutralisation test. The SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR positive samples were sequenced by next generation viral full genome sequencing using the ISeq sequencing platform (Illumina), and the viral genomes were phylogenetically analysed. FINDINGS: Eight (50%) of 16 individually tested Syrian hamsters in the pet shop and seven (58%) of 12 Syrian hamsters in the corresponding warehouse were positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection in RT-qPCR or serological tests. None of the dwarf hamsters (n=75), rabbits (n=246), guinea pigs (n=66), chinchillas (n=116), and mice (n=2) were confirmed positive for SARS-CoV-2 in RT-qPCR tests. SARS-CoV-2 viral genomes deduced from human and hamster cases in this incident all belong to the delta variant of concern (AY.127) that had not been circulating locally before this outbreak. The viral genomes obtained from hamsters were phylogenetically related with some sequence heterogeneity. Phylogenetic dating suggests infection in these hamsters occurred around Oct 14, 2021 (95% CI Sept 15 to Nov 9, 2021). Multiple zoonotic transmission events to humans were detected, leading to onward human-to-human transmission. INTERPRETATION: Pet hamsters can be naturally infected with SARS-CoV-2. The virus can circulate among hamsters and lead to human infections. Both genetic and epidemiological results strongly suggest that there was more than one hamster-to-human transmission event in this study. This incident also led to onward human transmission. Importation of SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters was a likely source of this outbreak. FUNDING: US National Institutes of Health, Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, Food and Health Bureau, and InnoHK.
Assuntos
COVID-19/veterinária , Cricetinae/virologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Zoonoses Virais/transmissão , Adulto , Animais , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/transmissão , Teste de Ácido Nucleico para COVID-19 , Criança , Surtos de Doenças , Feminino , Hong Kong/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Animais de Estimação/virologia , FilogeniaAssuntos
COVID-19/transmissão , COVID-19/virologia , Evolução Molecular , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidade , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/metabolismo , Animais , Animais Selvagens/virologia , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/mortalidade , Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , Pré-Escolar , Cricetinae , Endossomos/metabolismo , Células Gigantes/metabolismo , Células Gigantes/patologia , Células Gigantes/virologia , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Evasão da Resposta Imune , Interferons/imunologia , Pulmão/patologia , Pulmão/virologia , Mutação , Nariz/virologia , Reinfecção/imunologia , Reinfecção/mortalidade , Reinfecção/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/crescimento & desenvolvimento , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Serina Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Carga Viral , Zoonoses Virais/transmissão , Zoonoses Virais/virologia , Replicação ViralAssuntos
COVID-19/veterinária , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , Zoonoses Virais/virologia , Organização Mundial da Saúde/organização & administração , Animais , Sudeste Asiático/epidemiologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/transmissão , COVID-19/virologia , China/epidemiologia , Quirópteros/virologia , Vetores de Doenças , Humanos , Política , Cães Guaxinins/virologia , Coronavírus Relacionado à Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave/isolamento & purificação , Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave/epidemiologia , Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave/virologia , Espanha/epidemiologia , Zoonoses Virais/epidemiologia , Zoonoses Virais/transmissão , Viverridae/virologiaAssuntos
COVID-19/virologia , Evolução Molecular , Modelos Biológicos , Mutação , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , Zoonoses Virais/virologia , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/metabolismo , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/transmissão , Inglaterra/epidemiologia , Recombinação Homóloga , Humanos , Evasão da Resposta Imune , Camundongos , Taxa de Mutação , Ratos , Relatório de Pesquisa , SARS-CoV-2/classificação , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , África do Sul/epidemiologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/química , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismo , Zoonoses Virais/transmissãoRESUMO
Bats are a reservoir for coronaviruses (CoVs) that periodically spill over to humans, as evidenced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2. A collection of 174 bat samples originating from South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, and Nebraska submitted for rabies virus testing due to human exposure were analyzed using a pan-coronavirus PCR. A previously partially characterized CoV, Eptesicus bat CoV, was identified in 12 (6.9%) samples by nested RT-PCR. Six near-complete genomes were determined. Genetic analysis found a high similarity between all CoV-positive samples, Rocky Mountain bat CoV 65 and alphacoronavirus HCQD-2020 recently identified in South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis of genome sequences showed EbCoV is closely related to bat CoV HKU2 and swine acute diarrhea syndrome CoV; however, topological incongruences were noted for the spike gene that was more closely related to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Similar to some alphaCoVs, a novel gene, ORF7, was discovered downstream of the nucleocapsid, whose protein lacked similarity to known proteins. The widespread circulation of EbCoV with similarities to bat viruses that have spilled over to swine warrants further surveillance.